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很多同學在閱讀過程中很少考慮邏輯關係詞的作用,從而導致在閱讀過程中對文章的理解效率會比較低。實際上,在英文學術文章中有很多邏輯關係詞,這些關係詞對我們的文章理解有著直接或間接的幫助作用。
另外,在做題的時候,邏輯關係詞也是我們在文章中定位題目的一大利器,同學們首先要有一種對邏輯關係詞的敏感度,進而在閱讀文章和做題時有效利用這些邏輯關係詞。閱讀中常見的邏輯關係有並列關係、遞進關係、轉折關係、讓步關係、比較關係、因果關係等。今天超級學長帶大家一起來看看雅思閱讀理解中並列關係詞的作用。
常見的並列關係詞有以下:and, or, also, not only … but also…, both … and…, not … but…等,在這些詞中and這個單詞出現的頻率最高,它作為並列關係詞所體現出來的並列關係也被我們利用得最多。
一,如果and前後連接的是單詞的話,那麼這兩個詞很有可能是「類別一致」(多為前後是名詞的情況)或「方向一致」(多為前後是動詞、形容詞或副詞的情況),如:
AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one – such as building muscle strength in golfers – to others, such as swimming and squash. (squash和swimming為並列關係,可以推測squash是一項運動,此為「類別一致」)
Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems – the major medical complaints in this age group – are troubling a smaller proportion every year. (arthritis, high blood pressure 和 circulation problems為並列關係,可以推測arthritis是一種疾病,此為「類別一致」)
The prospects for energy from tidal currents are far better than from wind because the flows of water are predictable and constant. (predictable 和 constant意思接近,方向一致)
The continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive. (continuous和 reckless在此都有否定方向性)
二,不止and,or也有這樣的用法,但是相對的,or更加接近「含義近似」:
The water in the irrigation canals is still or very slow-moving and thus cannot carry sediment, Stanley explains. (still和 slow-moving含義近似)
Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.(improve和modify含義近似)
The sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. (The sense of smell和olfaction含義近似)
三,另外還有一些表達並列關係的詞或短語,當前後在說兩件並列的事時,也會用不同的詞來表達近似的含義:
Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.
此處apart from體現前後兩件事為並列關係(Apart from A, B …意思是「除了A, B還怎麼怎麼樣」,用法類似於in addition to),engender和emergence雖然詞性不同,但是含義接近。
綜上所述,大家應該可以看得出來,當並列關係詞出現的時候,我們經常可以用這種方法來進行猜詞,如果我們認識其中一個單詞,那麼就可以依靠這個單詞猜測另外一個單詞的類別或者方向性。雅思閱讀很多時候並不要求我們了解每一個單詞的含義,我們只要大概知道近似含義或作者想表達的方向性、保證閱讀能夠順利進行下去即可。